个人简介
先后提出“新石器革命”(食物生产的革命)和“城市革命”概念,为日后农耕、家畜饲养和文明起源问题的研究奠定理论基础。被公认为20世纪前期最有成就的史前考古学家。个人成就
对农业的研究
柴尔德的考古名气来自他对诸如农业的起源、城市与文明的兴起等重大问题的迷恋。他分别给这些过程起名为“新石器革命”和“城市革命”。他认为在三个地区,即美索不达米亚、尼罗河流域和印度河流域,剩余财富比人口增长得快。在这里的城市中,人口的增长造成以阶级为基础的政治制度的出现,贵族的地位因他们控制着剩余财富以及已存在的农业灌溉体系而得到巩固,这些地区的农业灌溉体系本身使农业能够供养起日益增长的城市人口。考古学的文化概念
也正是柴尔德发展并大众化了考古学的“文化”概念,把它定义为特定时间和地点范围内的一组人工制品,看上去是一个独特的民族或种族集团存在的考古证明。这个概念在欧洲虽已存在了20多年,但是是柴尔德系统地定义并使用了这个概念,他的《欧洲文明的开端》(1925)一书充分说明了这一点。他相信不同时代和不同地区的文化构成多样化的原因在于同其他文化的接触,即扩散或人们向新的地区的迁徙。柴尔德对这种文化观点的坚定态度反映在他坚持认为史前欧洲的社会变化基本上是由于扩散引起的这一点上。在他看来,扩散的源头来自东地中海文明,后来该文明经多瑙河地区向欧洲传播。但随着时间的推移,他的关于扩散是文化变革动力的看法得到进一步完善,他日益认识到各社会内部经济力量的重要性。这一看法是他于1935 年首次访问苏联之后得出的,这使他成为比较坚定的马克思主义者。红色教授
柴尔德不喜欢人们称他为马克思主义史前学家,关于他在多大程度上接受了马克思主义这一点,是他的传记作家们热烈争辩的问题。在许多人看来,他并没有一味地照搬马克思主义的唯物主义和单线分阶段进化的思想,他强调扩散是史前社会变化的动力。有一点很清楚,这就是柴尔德不接受一成不变的马克思主义模式,他宁愿把它作为他的某些著述的前导,如在《人类创造自己》(1936)和《历史上发生了什么》(1942)所做的那样。而在其他著作中,他则把马克思主义作为背景。在他最后20年的著述中,人们则几乎看不到马克思主义的任何影响了。正像保守的考古学家们所指出的,尽管柴尔德倾向于左翼政治,但他却是非常真挚的,他没有完全超脱肉体感官的享受。他是科学协会的会员,而又似乎很欣赏人们称他为“红色教授”。有一个故事大概是伪造的,故事是柴在大庭广众下,如在考古学大会的早餐时,手里拿着一份《 工人日报 》,但在那份报纸的里面藏着的却是他真正要看的,即一份右翼组织的机关报 《每日电讯报》。对欧洲之外考古的轻视
柴尔德著作中的一个严重缺陷是他对欧洲之外某些地区史前史和考古成果的轻视,特别明显的是对于美洲,他不相信美洲文化属于人类文化史的主流。对于其他地区,由于他周围世界的不断变化也必然引起一些观点的修正。他的早期著作对印欧人起源的理解(如在 《雅利安人》一书中他的一些结论)显然是种族主义的。所幸在后来的著作中,他成功地抛弃了这一立场。对欧洲考古的研究活动
柴尔德始终不是一位硕果累累或心甘情愿的田野发掘工作者,他从事的最有名的一次发掘是在奥克尼群岛对斯卡拉·布莱的新石器时代石建村落的挖掘。他的名声主要来自于对欧洲考古所进行的广泛的综合研究活动,以及写的一些生动的考古通俗书籍。从他在第一次世界大战前所写的早期著作中可以看到他对东欧的兴趣他于年首次到多瑙河流域旅行,参观了奥地利、匈牙利和捷克斯洛伐克的遗址和博物馆。在准备撰写 《欧洲文明的开端》和《史前时代的多瑙河》的一些年里,他曾多次到访这些地区。他的后几本书贯穿着他的文化从近东经巴尔干传播到西北欧的观点.当时,东欧还是一个未知的领域。对于西方有教养的考古学家来说,语言不通是个问题,旅游条件也难以令人满意。
由于柴尔德很快掌握了大多数中欧语言的阅读能力,这使他有可能广泛地阅览考古文献。他获得的这一技能是令人羡慕的,已经达到娴熟的状态,但他在地名方面的语法错误又表明他还远不够火候,他的发音听起来简直可怕。他坚持同外国考古学家说他们本国的语言,结果常常闹出笑话。
访问苏联
柴尔德第一次访问苏联时在那里待了12天,当时苏联考古学刚好从马尔分子于20世纪30年代早期进行的清洗中开始复苏。与此同时,芬兰考古学家阿尔尼·塔尔格兰也访问了苏联,因他记述了这些清洗,于是被永远禁止迈进苏联的大门。柴尔德则持比较通融的观点,所以在第二次世界大战后能够三次到苏联访问,并在 20 世纪50年代参加了“与苏联发展文化关系协会”,这是苏联的一个“前沿”组织。这样做的部分原因似乎是一种姿态。柴尔德是一个喜欢显示自己熟识东欧事务的人,他的书信中有时会直截了当地用古斯拉夫字母书写俄文名字.柴尔德考古学家对中欧和东欧考古的兴趣出长。自随着冷战的终结而迅速增他的扩散观念已被新的证据(史前欧洲的农业、贸易和社会分化均有独立的起源)所推翻。但他在 20 世纪 20 年代的两部主要著作,即我们熟知的《欧洲文明的开端》和《史前时代的多瑙河》,仍然是世界考古学的经典著作,经受住了近几十年如潮水般的新发现的考验。Childe, Vere Gordon 1892u20131957
vere gordon childe, the most celebrated archaeological synthesizer and theorist of his generation, was born in North Sydney, Australia, 14 April 1892. He graduated from Sydney University in 1913 with first-class honors in Latin, Greek, and philosophy. At Oxford University in England, his interest in European prehistory was aroused by a desire to locate the homeland of the Indo-Europeans. He returned to Australia in 1916 and became involved in anticonscription and Labour politics, serving from 1919 to 1921 as private secretary to John Storey, the Labour premier of New South Wales.
After the defeat of the Labour government of New South Wales in 1921, Childe returned to the study of European prehistory, paying special attention to the Balkans. In 1925, he published The Dawn of European Civilization, a milestone in the development of culture-historical archaeology. Childe combined the concept of “the archaeological culture,” refined by the German archaeologist gustaf kossinna to try to trace the histories of specific peoples in the archaeological record, with the diffusionism of the Swedish archaeologist oscar montelius. Montelius believed that in prehistoric times technological skills had spread to Europe from their place of origin in the Middle East. Like his Oxford mentors, arthur evans and john myres, Childe stressed the creativity with which Europeans had utilized this knowledge.
Childe was the Abercromby Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh of European archaeology and director of the Institute of Archaeology at the University of London from 1946 until he retired in 1956. Throughout these years he carried out numerous archaeological excavations and surveys in Scotland and also visited many excavations in Europe and the Middle East.
Although Childe was primarily a European prehistorian, for the rest of his life he sought a better understanding of cultural change. Beginning with The Most Ancient East (1928), he sought to delineate the revolutionary impacts that the development of agriculture and bronze working had on various parts of the Middle East and Europe. Instead of treating technological innovation as an independent variable that brought about cultural change, he sought to trace the reciprocal relations between it and specific environments, economies, and political systems. He saw changes occurring in a multilinear, not a unilinear, fashion.
In 1935, Childe visited the Soviet Union. Although he disapproved of the dogmatism imposed on Soviet archaeologists, he was impressed by the attention being paid to how ordinary people lived in prehistoric times and by Marxist interpretations of cultural evolution. In Man Makes Himself (1936) and What Happened in History (1942), Childe examined, from an evolutionary perspective, how elites and inflexible belief systems could halt economic and social progress but only at the cost of undermining a societyu2019s ability to compete with more progressive neighbors.
After World War II, disillusionment with the declining quality of Soviet archaeology led Childe to acquire a more profound understanding of Marxism as an analytical tool and to try to apply it to the interpretation of archaeological data. He attempted to reconcile the observation that all human behavior is culturally mediated with a materialist view of causality. In Prehistory of European Society (1958), he stressed that social and political organization provided the framework within which all archaeological data could most productively be understood.
Troubled by failing health and fearing that incipient senility was preventing him from devising new procedures for inferring social organization from archaeological data, Childe, jumped to his death from a cliff in the Blue Mountains of Australia on 19 October 1957.